The Literature of Romanticism versus the Victorian Essays -- Romantici

In the Victorian era poets are inspired to debate among each other in the heat of enlightenment. The literature of Romanticism versus the Victorian era initially becomes a problematic subject to accept. As a Victorian poet, Gerard Manley Hopkins attacks the conception of religion by questioning the existence of God. Hopkins’ sonnets reflect this issue of an oppress religion and educates people towards the conspiracy of a change era through his magnificent poems. Hopkins stands true to the new and improve era of Victorian by conciliating the absences of divinity. Although others may have disagree that G.M. Hopkins is not directly promoting a riot against religion but rather inspiring the hopeful experience in the rejuvenation of faith, Hopkins does circulate his ideas among the struggle, suffering, and agony of religion depicted in his â€Å"terrible sonnets†. Hopkins is the new omen to the age of reasoning of faith, science, skepticism, and love; he stresses the degree of faith and illustrates the truth of reality about religion, projecting his principle of skepticism. The Victorian era conceived through Romanticism has become a relentless era concerning to the uproar of human development. Poets begin to broaden their understanding about faith to realism given the arrival of the Victorian. The spiritless characteristic of nature suddenly becomes the burden and agony of human sufferings as revealed in Hopkins’ poems, demonstrating of great anxiety and desperation to depart from the old faith, Romanticism. Hopkins’ sonnets are generally pessimistic about the culture of religion. In Hopkins’ sonnet No Worst, There Is None, Hopkins discusses of the deep grief that is semi-related to hell and death. â€Å"No worst, there is none. Pitched pas... ...ave suggest that Hopkins uses his poems and sonnets to awakening the corruption and realization of technology and science, Victorian poets are making a point to reestablish the faith of humanity and that is the independency of mind and nature. A debate is also questioned whether Hopkins’ poems are conveying a satirical piece of work in the changes in the era. Hopkins’ poems can be ambiguous but it is apparent that his works shine the light to those in despair about Religion versus epistemic. The nature of humanity is never satisfy or complacent; the traces in bettering life continues to evolve with everyday changes to everything else. However these changes in time is the beauty of literature, the artwork is never discolored because of this forever evolving world; changes are put together like pieces of puzzles and in responding to paint the world of literature. The Literature of Romanticism versus the Victorian Essays -- Romantici In the Victorian era poets are inspired to debate among each other in the heat of enlightenment. The literature of Romanticism versus the Victorian era initially becomes a problematic subject to accept. As a Victorian poet, Gerard Manley Hopkins attacks the conception of religion by questioning the existence of God. Hopkins’ sonnets reflect this issue of an oppress religion and educates people towards the conspiracy of a change era through his magnificent poems. Hopkins stands true to the new and improve era of Victorian by conciliating the absences of divinity. Although others may have disagree that G.M. Hopkins is not directly promoting a riot against religion but rather inspiring the hopeful experience in the rejuvenation of faith, Hopkins does circulate his ideas among the struggle, suffering, and agony of religion depicted in his â€Å"terrible sonnets†. Hopkins is the new omen to the age of reasoning of faith, science, skepticism, and love; he stresses the degree of faith and illustrates the truth of reality about religion, projecting his principle of skepticism. The Victorian era conceived through Romanticism has become a relentless era concerning to the uproar of human development. Poets begin to broaden their understanding about faith to realism given the arrival of the Victorian. The spiritless characteristic of nature suddenly becomes the burden and agony of human sufferings as revealed in Hopkins’ poems, demonstrating of great anxiety and desperation to depart from the old faith, Romanticism. Hopkins’ sonnets are generally pessimistic about the culture of religion. In Hopkins’ sonnet No Worst, There Is None, Hopkins discusses of the deep grief that is semi-related to hell and death. â€Å"No worst, there is none. Pitched pas... ...ave suggest that Hopkins uses his poems and sonnets to awakening the corruption and realization of technology and science, Victorian poets are making a point to reestablish the faith of humanity and that is the independency of mind and nature. A debate is also questioned whether Hopkins’ poems are conveying a satirical piece of work in the changes in the era. Hopkins’ poems can be ambiguous but it is apparent that his works shine the light to those in despair about Religion versus epistemic. The nature of humanity is never satisfy or complacent; the traces in bettering life continues to evolve with everyday changes to everything else. However these changes in time is the beauty of literature, the artwork is never discolored because of this forever evolving world; changes are put together like pieces of puzzles and in responding to paint the world of literature.

Hunting Snake by Judith Wright Essay

First of all remember that we would never know what exactly the poet is trying to mention and non of the comments can said to be ‘wrong’ Great black snake represents the aborigin people in Australia and the person who gets scared of this snake is an English occupier. The word ‘black’ is simply you can understand that it means black people and snake is a wild animal who lives on their own land but humans are the occupiers and the writer at the same time fears and admires the snake while the snake ‘fled’ which mean the snake is also afraid of the people. As you can understand in present time, English people have started moving to Australia in order to get that place and the aborigins, the original people of Australia is being ignored at the same time we admire them but this admire is so extreme and unnecessary that we make them feel like they’re wild animals. And if you ever go to Australia, you would see that the tour guides would show the local people of Australia, the aborigins with their hands and we would admire them but we will never chat with them or have any talk between as we are scared and this is also the way we treat the wild animals. In the first stanza, we can see a perfect Picture of the atmosphere. The sky is in ‘gentlest’ way despite when the person sees that ‘great’ ‘black’ snake, we can understand that with using the word ‘great’, person admires the snake. But why is the word ‘black’ is used? As you can understand the color black represents darkness which humans fear. Also don’t we talk about racism, the ‘black’ and white people. We treat the black people as the same way, we act like they’re aliens, like they’re different from us and also we show an unnecessary amount of admire which makes them more alienated.

The Link Between Time, Money, and Morality - 942 Words

Money has mould, transformed and created a society where monetary security has triumphed over the essential concept of time and human morality, this correlating relationship has been highlighted in the paper, Psychological Science: Time, money and morality. Freud reinforces this point as â€Å"â€Å"†¦money questions will be treated by cultured people in the same manner as sexual matters, with the same inconsistency, prudishness and hypocrisy.† (Richard Trachtman 1998, http://www.richardtrachtman.com/pdf/moneytaboo.pdf). The paper successfully demonstrates the influence of irrational financial and monetary responsibility instilled onto human ethics and the concept of time through the multiple experiments. Through the various experiments within a†¦show more content†¦Thus it would only demonstrate the mentality and results of a certain age group which â€Å"lead to the unfortunate conclusion that what can be observed reliably is socially meaningless and what is socially meaningful cannot be observed reliably† (Kurt, L 1997). In turn the relationship between time, money and human ethicality would only be representative of a certain age group within a niche of society which has certain needs and priorities from a majority of the population. However, it does display a cohererant and consistent result which reinforced Gino and Moligner’s expriement to prove the link between time, money and morality. This research data has certain usefulness within society as it allow for â€Å"building such bridges between basic research and practical problems† (Mark, S, 1993). With the available information, it could be operationalized into working models for society allowing employers to base policies and strategies to maximise the honesty and motivation for their employees. However with the statistical data and facts obtained it would lose its value within the real world as these experiments are impractical and pose unrealistic situatio n and expectations, thus would encourage foul behaviour. With the underlying evidence from the results of the research, Gino and Mogilner has demonstrated the correlating relationship between time, money and morality. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Time, Money and Morality Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesGino and Mogilner (2014) have evidenced that the thought of money makes people engage in dishonest behaviour whereas the time leads to self-reflection, which directs people away from unethical behaviour. Although methodologically sound and the link clear, the paper focuses on the direct relationship between wanting money and behaving dishonestly. The paper could be made more applicable by considering impacting factors that affect unethical behaviour and focusing less on suggesting greed and lackRead MoreNumerous studies conducted in the past decade have presented the link between self-reflection and900 Words   |  4 PagesNumerous studies conducted in the past decade have presented the link between self-reflection and people’ s behaviour. In particular, Gino and Mogilner (2014) found that priming people to think about time, rather than money, affected them in a way that would cause them to reflect on who they are, and thus discourages them to participate in unethical behaviour (cheating on the required task). However, after conducting further research, Gino and Mogilner’s findings (2014) appear to be inconclusive.Read MoreEssay The Significant Role of Money in Everyday Life857 Words   |  4 PagesMoney is a major driving force in our lives, and people will often act in immoral and exploitative ways to acquire it. This money-immorality association is well established in psychological research, with results consistently showing that subjects who are primed to think about money are later more likely to lie, cheat and steal than the subjects who were thinking about other factors. However, the study performed by Francesca Gino and Cassie Mogilner suggests that it is not necessarily money – orR ead MoreAn Essay On Man By Alexander Pope1265 Words   |  6 Pagesabout, as the desire to be prosperous was beginning to take over the morality behind getting to the top social classes. In an excerpt from Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, Hobbes suggests that morality and economics are innate qualities of humans, as the species was designed to compete over such things. In an excerpt from Second Treatise on Government by John Locke, Locke argues that social norms have a greater strong-hold on morality than the drive for economics, though they both do drive humans. In â€Å"AnRead MoreVideo Games Do Not Encourage Violence Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesmoved to discourage the development of violent games while also pushing for stronger regulations when purchasing such games. There is also debate among parents and concerns on how games can negatively influence their children. So is there a direct link between video games and violence? The truth is video games do not encourage violence in society based on several factors which include scientific studies, statistics on crime, and prevention measures adopted by game publishers. Scientific Studies ThereRead MoreCritical Analysis Of A Dolls House1740 Words   |  7 PagesWritten in 1879 by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. (1829-1906). Though his plays suggest otherwise, Ibsen revered the state of marriage, believing that it was possible for two people to travel through life as perfect, happy equals. A Doll s House is a three act play about a seemingly typical housewife who becomes disillusioned and dissatisfied with her condescending husband. Act One:Setting: It is important to note that the whole playRead MoreThe relationship between morality and religiosity978 Words   |  4 PagesReligiosity and morality stood out because it is a controversial topic that is compelling to learn about. Everyday life can be affected by these two factors in a positive or negative light. People do not usually think about the morals they obtain and where their morals came from. Researching this topic and understanding the relationship between these two issues will provide a better, clearer view of how people respond in different situations. The relationship between religiosity and morality are contingentRead MoreCritical Analysis Of A Dolls House1731 Words   |  7 Pageswhole play takes place in one room and that until the last act, Nora is every scene. She never seems to leave the room as if everything were to come to her. She is literally trapped in domestic comfort. Though there is a great deal of talk about morality throughout the play, Christmas is never presented as a religious holiday, and religion as a concept is later questioned by Nora in the third Act. In fact, it is discussed primarily as a material experience. This emphasis is similar to the generalRead MoreCultural Behavior And Its Effect On A Business s Performance840 Words   |  4 PagesCulture is described by Smircich (1983 p.339) as a concept with â€Å"no consensus on its meaning†, which makes it challenging to establish a direct link between failing operations of an organization and the cultural cause in need of rectifying. Neverthel ess, there is supportive evidence to suggest certain aspects of cultural behaviour can negatively influence a business’s performance (e.g. Kottler, 1992, p.11)(Riley 2005), which can help to identify the aspects of culture that trigger potential failuresRead MoreFaustus as a Medieval Morality Play1603 Words   |  7 PagesFaustus as a Medieval Morality Play By K.Friedman Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus has been influenced by the conventions of a Medieval Morality play through Marlowe’s purely didactic use of the text to encourage Christian values. He uses various dramatised moral allegories that together encompass the themes of divided nature of man allegorised through the good and bad angels that demonstrate virtue and vice, alongside the concept of sin and degradation allegorised by the Seven Deadly Sins

Ortiz Surname Meaning and Origin

The name Ortiz is a patronymic surname meaning son or Orton or Orta, with its origin in Spanish. Ortiz is the 94th most popular surname in the United States and the 16th most common Hispanic surname. Alternate Surname Spellings: Ortize, Ortez, Ortaz, Ortes, Ortis Famous People with the Surname ORTIZ: David Ortiz - Major League Baseball Player.Victor Ortiz - professional American boxer.Russ Ortiz - Major League Baseball Pitcher.Tito Ortiz - MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) Fighter. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Ortiz Genealogy.com allows you to search the popular genealogy forum for the Ortiz surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Ortiz query. With FamilySearch.org you can find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Ortiz surname and its variations. RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Ortiz surname. Cousin Connect  allows you to read or post genealogy queries for the surname Ortiz, and sign up for free notification when new Ortiz queries are added. DistantCousin.com provides access to free databases and genealogy links for the last name Ortiz. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Hcs 465 (Health Care Research Utilization) Entire Class...

HCS 465 (Health Care Research Utilization) Entire Class Assignme Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/hcs-465-health-care-research-utilization-entire-class-assignme Product Description HCS 465 Week 1, Individual Assignment, Annotated Bibliography Individual Assignment: Literature Review in Research: An Annotated Bibliography †¢ Resource: Literature Review in Research: An Annotated Bibliography Grading Criteria. †¢ Go to the Center for Writing Excellence. †¢ Click the Tutorials Guides link. †¢ Click the Annotated Bibliography link the under the Samples heading. You may use this format to create your annotated bibliography. †¢ Read: the Annotated Bibliography samples provided.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is the problem important for health care administrators to study? o Study purpose: What is the purpose of the study? o Research question †¢ What is the main research question? †¢ If it is not stated, what would you say the research question is? o Hypothesis or hypotheses †¢ What is the study hypothesis? †¢ If it is not stated, what would you say the hypothesis is? †¢ It there is more than one study hypothesis, state the hypothesis or hypotheses. o Study variables: What are the independent and dependent study variables? o Conceptual model or theoretical framework: In what way was a conceptual model or theoretical framework used to guide this study? o Review of related literature: In what ways does the literature review support the need for this study? o Study design †¢ What study design is used? †¢ How many subjects were studied? †¢ Where are the subjects found? †¢ What organization was studied? †¢ How long did the study take? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. HCS 465 Week 3, Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Individual Assignment: Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care †¢ Resource: Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care Grading Criteria. †¢ Use

External Influences Of Mavic Air 2 Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the External Influences Of Mavic Air 2. Answer: External influences As seen Mavic air 2 has been introduced in the market by DJI recently and is still in the growth stage. The acceptance of the product is highly influenced by external influences such as culture, subculture, demographics and group influences. The impact of the external influences determines the acceptance and rejection of the Marvic air 2 in the market. Culture and subculture Culture and subculture refer to the values, traditions and basic attitudes of the entire society in which the individuals exist. As commented by Zhao et al. (2014), the culture highlights the habits and attitudes individuals develop due to their surrounding environment and upbringing. According to the current scenario, the next generation is more attracted by brands. Branded products tend to fascinate the individuals more regardless of the features and properties. This is because the individuals in the next generation believe in showing their possession. Owning branded products provides an opportunity for the individuals to display their standard in the society. Thus, more than purchasing product, people aim towards purchasing brands. Thus, the values upheld by the society are consistent with the consumption of the product. The US is highly influenced by western culture henceforth; the customers prefer to buy the products of DJI due to its established brand name. As mentioned above, the purchase of drones in the US has increased over the years. This suggests the impact possessing materials that are branded rather than possessing private brands (Cohen, Prayag and Moital 2014). This allows the people in the US to purchase electronic equipment such as drones in order to increase their materialistic gains and highlight ownership status. This highlights the impact of culture in the US that signifies acquiring material wealth, as this allows them to update them with the latest technological trends. Thus, the product does appeal to a specific adopter category. Demographics The age, gender and socioeconomic factors influence the purchasing decision of Marvic air 2 in the US market. Age (18-40 years) Individuals within this age group are highly attracted by the features and the brand of the product. They are easy with receiving new products in the market Gender Both male and female customers prefer buying drones in the US. However, the purchasing of drones among male is more preferred compared to the females Occupation and income Occupation: Individuals engaged in professional photography are more inclined towards purchasing drones. Additionally, some individuals also purchase drones just to display their status. Income: As it is a branded product, individuals with monthly income within $40-000-$60,000 are the potential customers. As mentioned in the above table, age, gender and socioeconomic factors influence the purchasing decision of Marvic air 2 in the US market. Individuals belonging to age group 18-40 age are the potential customers of Marvic air 2. This is because the craze of possessing branded products is highly seen among the youth and the elderly people (Oliver 2014). Owning branded products provides an opportunity for the individuals belonging to the age group to show their status and high living standard. In addition to, both male and female customers purchase drones. However, the rate of male buyers is more compared to females in the US because of their profession and inclination towards gadgets. As Marvic air 2 is a branded product, individuals with a monthly salary of $40-000-$60,000 are potential buyers. This is because their monthly income facilitates them to buy branded products (Muruganantham and Bhakat 2013). Group influence The individuals or humans are inherently social animals that are highly influenced by surrounding activities and decisions (Jain et al. 2013). This is because the individuals use a relevant reference group as a standard reference and compare themselves against them. Thus, it can be said that there is a reference group influence on purchasing Marvic air 2. The reference group element for this product category is the eminent photographers, celebrities as well as the current or the near-equals. (Rani 2014). References Cohen, S.A., Prayag, G. and Moital, M., 2014. Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities.Current Issues in Tourism,17(10), pp.872-909. Jain, R.K., Gulbinas, R., Taylor, J.E. and Culligan, P.J., 2013. Can social influence drive energy savings? Detecting the impact of social influence on the energy consumption behavior of networked users exposed to normative eco-feedback.Energy and Buildings,66, pp.119-127. Muruganantham, G. and Bhakat, R.S., 2013. A review of impulse buying behavior.International Journal of Marketing Studies,5(3), p.149. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Rani, P., 2014. Factors influencing consumer behaviour.International journal of current research and academic review,2(9), pp.52-61. Zhao, H.H., Gao, Q., Wu, Y.P., Wang, Y. and Zhu, X.D., 2014. What affects green consumer behavior in China? A case study from Qingdao.Journal of Cleaner Production,63, pp.143-151.

Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd Essay Example

Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd Essay Marketing Cross-functional Relationship during NPD and collaborative capability for marketing managers Abstract In the era of hi-tech and rapid information development, the success of the enterprises mainly depends on the continuous NPD. It is discovered by a lot of research that the collaboration between the marketing and other departments is critical to the success of new products. The marketing can have better promotion performance through effective collaboration with RD and other departments. Adopting deep interview for a special case, this study elaborates the cross-functional relationship (CFR) management based on research findings and related theories. The study suggests the structural, social and individual ways to improve the interdepartmental collaboration. The main research conclusions are as follows. a. Chang Xin Company pays much attention to teamwork and cooperation between marketing and other departments in the whole process of NPD. In the project discussion phase, the departments carry on the project planning and market survey together. The marketing deals with the inquiries at promotion and the after-sale service with the help of RD, Investment Management and other departments. b. The relationship between marketing and other departments can be build through sharing resources, work turnover, mutual understanding and common goals. Chang Xin still has something to do to build information communication platform such as network system, information transmission and tracking system in order to get high efficiency of information exchange. c. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition to building the enterprise culture to value cross-functional communication, the company had better set up mutual promotion and reward system to give impact on the career development views of the managers. At the same time, the responsibilities of each department should be clearly specified. Contents 1 Introduction7 1. 1 Objective7 1. 2 Review of Chapters8 1. 3 Limitation of Study8 2 Literature Review10 2. 1 Definition10 2. 2 Cross-functional relationship in NPD11 2. 3 How to Achieve Cross-functional Collaboration13 2. 3. 1 Information communication13 . 3. 2 Integrating management structure15 2. 3. 3 Building Interpersonal Trust17 2. 4 Collaborative Capabilities of Marketing Managers18 2. 4. 1 Reputational Effectiveness Factors18 2. 4. 2 Marketing Manager’s Collaborative Skills20 3 Research Methodology22 3. 1 Case Study22 3. 2 Data Collection23 3. 3 Data Analysis24 4 Case Analysis: Chang Xin Asset Management26 4. 1 Company Background26 4. 2 Status of Cross-functiona l Collaboration in NPD26 4. 3. 1 Social Methods29 4. 3. 2 Structural Methods29 4. 3. 3 Integration of information/resource31 4. Collaborative Capability of Marketing Manager32 4. 5 Results34 5 Conclusion35 6 References36 7 Reflective Report39 1 Introduction 1. 1 Objective Deploying activities for total quality control and cost reduction to achieve good business performance are the main issues for a firm. In the process of new product development (NPD), the new products are often unstable quality and there are varying problems need to be fixed. The problems could be better solved by improving communication and information-sharing between different departments and their managers. Therefore, the interdepartmental collaboration is needed. Souder and Chakrabarti (1978, cited by Ye Youming, 2009) found out that 68% RD projects will fail in business performance completely and 21% will fail partially when there is serious management problems between the marketing and RD. This study will focus on the collaboration between the marketing department and other departments, especially in the NPD phase and find out the way to achieve the most effective cross-functional relationship (CFR). The main objectives are to explore important features of cross-functional working relationship during NPD and to gain further knowledge on the relative importance of collaborative capability for marketing managers. The questions raised on the topic are as below. How can marketing develop good collaborative relationship with other departments in the firm? How can the cross-functional collaboration be effective in NPD process? How can marketing managers develop skills to be successful in establishing multiple collaborative relationships? According to these questions, the discussion involves four parts: First, the features of CFR in the process of NPD. Second, the principles and critical factors for cross-functional collaboration. Third, the collaborate capabilities of marketing managers. Finally, the cross-functional collaboration in Chang Xin Asset Management Company, especially between Marketing Department and Investment Management Department in new mutual fund development process. 1. 2 Review of Chapters The dissertation is divided into five parts. In the introduction part, the background of CFR and its effect is introduced. The objectives and purpose of the study are listed. In the literature review part, the research results of CFR and managing methods in NPD are reviewed, some problems of the research are pointed out and the main topic of this study is raised. The research methods are introduced in the research methodology part. The research methods, investigation methods and interview design are examined. Part four is the case study on Chang Xin Asset Management Company. The investigation material and literature knowledge are combined to analyze the effectiveness of the cross-function relationship management. Later the role of marketing manager in the collaboration within the firm is discussed. In the last part, conclusion is drawn on how to have effective cross-functional collaboration within firms, especially in NPD process. 1. 3 Limitation of Study There are some limitations of the study. First, the research result on this area which the author can find is very limited, therefore the secondary data for this subject is limited. Second, the primary data from Chang Xin is limited. It is impossible to have questionnaire survey because the employee numbers in the company are not many, so the sample quantity can not meet the requirement of a general questionnaire survey. In addition, the managers may be too busy with their work and are not interested in doing the survey or having interviews with a university student. The managers interviewed are very limited. At last, only the marketing manager is interviewed because of time limit. The answers to the questions in the interview are too simple. Therefore the discussion is based on general description but not detailed situations from the beginning to the end or first-hand experimental data for better understanding. 2 Literature Review In literature terms ‘CFR’ and ‘collaboration’ or ‘reputational effectiveness’ have received different explanations, therefore it seems necessary to introduce some definitions. 2. 1 Definition Cross-functional Relationship Cross-functional relationship can be broadly defined as the set of communication patterns, knowledge exchanges, organizational mechanisms and formal and informal personal relationship which characterize the interface mong different departments in the firm, such as marketing, finance, RD, operations and so forth (Hutt, 2001). Collaboration Collaboration could be explained from two aspects: coordination and cooperation. The coordination is defined as harmonizing action for the various activities within a firm to achieve a desired level of e ffectiveness and efficiency. During the process of coordination, exchanges and interactions take place between functions in the firm, so the comprehensiveness, accessibility and compatibility among functions are maximized (Krajewski and Ritzman, 2004; Pinto et al. 1993, cited by Carr, Kaynak and Muthusamy, 2008). Cooperation is defined as the act of the functional areas working together within a firm to achieve the firm’s goals. Coordination capability is the combined action of coordination and cooperation (Carr, et al, 2008). Cross-functional barriers Cross-functional barriers create the threat to the established functional identities of the organizational members, which are divided into three categories of turf barriers, interpretive barriers and communication barriers (Hutt, 2001). As turf territory presents an area of expertise or authority, the functional groups have a strong desire to defend against the loss of power due to other organizational units. Major barriers to effective collaboration exist because each functional group focuses on a different facet of a problem and makes different senses of the total. This kind of thought world difference barrier is called interpretive barrier. In addition, the coding method for abbreviating goods descriptions within an organization can be misinterpreted by the members who are not familiar with it, therefore the information from the source may be distorted. This situation is called a communication barrier. Reputational effectiveness Reputational effectiveness means the degree to which the manager has been responsive to the needs, demands and reputations of the constituencies of the firm, including functional areas within the firm and customer organizations, upstream and down stream value chain partners, and other business and strategic alliance partners (Butaney, 2007). It actually is largely a measure of the degree of responsiveness of manager (Hutt, 2001). 2. 2 Cross-functional relationship in NPD The main research on the CFR between marketing and RD and other departments is about the coordination methods, especially on the information communication process, the barriers, intention and encouragement and the effective influence of strategies, organizational structure and information technology. †¢ Information process perspective Wu and Chen (2009) state that the improper communication between the departments can be caused by the improper organizational structure or poor atmosphere within the company. In some research, the interaction between marketing and RD during NPD is regarded as a process to turn the market opp. rtunity and technical possibility data into the information asset for commercial production. It is discovered that the success of NPD depends on the information share on customer demand, market segmentation, enterprise capability and competitor strategy information among various departments. Much of the research has shown that successful product development co mes when a clear understanding of customer needs is integrated with a clear understanding of RD and production resources (Krohmer, Homburg and Workman, 2002). And some more specific studies looked at the extent of the interaction and participation of various groups in the product development process. They have tended to tell that more interaction between the groups tends to lead to more success. It is proofed that other functional groups have influence on the marketing activities. Krohmer, Homburg and Workman (2002) measured the extent of influence of five functional groups over key marketing issues with a cross-national survey and related their cross-functional measure to key marketing outcomes. Two sets of hypotheses were tested using three-dimensional conceptualization of performance effectiveness, efficiency, and adaptiveness. As a result, they found that there was a high cross-functional dispersion of influence on marketing with certain activities such as pricing and new product development (NPD). In contrast, the cross-functional dispersion of influence with certain activities such as advertising is low. Research also tells that the common goal of the company benefits the cooperation between the departments. In a ase study, Hutt, Berth and Gary (1995) investigated the cross-functional barriers to the strategic change in Techno project. The turf war between the Marketing and RD was eased with political and administrative levers at the early stages. Later Techno’s goals were clarified and the strategy map was identified by both departments, and learning eventually spread through the organization. The project ended with success of collaboration at last. †¢ Reso urce interdependent perspective It is believed the resources within the departments are not easy to imitate, attain or replace. Therefore the scholars think marketing and RD need to depend on each other to get the necessary resources when they do not have sufficient resources to finish the NPD projects. †¢ Social system perspective This perspective focuses on the continuous fighting social process since the different functions have continuous conflicts for their benefits or rights. It emphasizes on the influence power, which means the influence of the information provider on the behavior and attitude change of the information receiver. It is thought the individual factors of professional ability, reward on the position have positive effect on the influence power. It is recognized that the degree of competition across the functions is a key factor that can impede knowledge transfer within an organization. Research further shows that an arduous relationship between the resource and the recipient, or intergroup rivalry can impede internal knowledge transfer. The cross-functional interaction can be viewed either from a cooperative aspect, focusing on the cooperation and communication or from a competition aspect, focusing on interdepartmental rivalry (Luo, Slotegrafft and Pan, 2006). 2. 3 How to Achieve Cross-functional Collaboration The researchers discovered some measures which can be taken in the social, structural and individual ways. 2. 3. 1 Information communication †¢ Mutual understanding between departments As Galbreath (1998, cited by Ryals, 2001) mentioned, customer relationship management (CRM) integrates marketing, sales and service functions through business process automation, technology solutions and information resources to maximize each customer contact, however Hall (1997, cited by Ryals, 2001) found that, even where organizations have technological integration, performance integration does not always follow. Furthermore, Hall (1997) notes that an understanding of the perspective from both marketing and CRM disciplines is a prerequisite of cross-functional integration. †¢ More effective information communication in project teams Management is communication (Baker, 2003, pp. 275). It is very necessary to have effective information communication management in order to improve the quality of the interdepartmental communication. There are some measures to make the communication flow between marketing and RD in order under the common company goals (Ye, 2009). . At the beginning of the NPD process, start the communication on project choice, target market, grasp of development opp. ortunities and project goal as soon as possible. b. In the middle of the development, communicate the marketing demand and technology information in routine visit and meetings between the departments. c. Build a project team, make clear the responsibilities of the departments, coordinate the management and make d ecision to solve the problems that the departments face commonly. Zhang (2009) thinks the internal communication effect can be improved when different information technology is adopted properly, and the internal communication can be used as a performance interference measure. She suggests to have special employees in charge of internal communication, who are both the compilers of the communication information and the administrator of the information system. †¢ Informal social communication The role of formal and informal interpersonal communication on three key NPD outcome variables-NPD success, perceived relationship effectiveness, and interpersonal collaboration were examined by some researchers. The results show that both formal and informal communication has a positive effect on NPD success and on Marketing Manager/RD Manager working relationship. It is found that the informal communication has a much greater effect on collaboration than formal communication during NPD process. When collaborative behavior occurs amongst managers, there is a tendency to view the relationship as productive, and to view the other managers in a favorable way (Kahn, 1996; Jassawalla and Sashittal 1998; Kahn and Mentzer 1998, cited by Elias and Graham, 2005). 2. 3. 2 Integrating management structure †¢ Shared revenue targets and united reward systems When the two departments have higher domain similarities, they are more likely to cooperate. Kotler, Rackham, and Krishnaswamy (2006) defined the role of marketing in â€Å"the Buying Funnel† based on the customer’s decision sequence. Marketing is usually responsible for the first few steps—building brand awareness and brand preference, creating a marketing plan, and generating leads for sales. Then Sales executes the marketing plan and follows up on leads. They think the funnels of this kind -integrated into the CRM system and into sales forecasting and account-review processes form an increasingly important backbone for sales management. So marketing and sales can be integrated better with shared revenue targets and reward systems and integrated metrics. But the performance app. raisal systems for marketing and RD are often separated. The performance of marketing is usually measured by market share and customer satisfaction, while that of RD is done by the patent numbers and how advanced the technology of the new products is. Research discovers that it is common in the enterprises that people think the new products are successful due to the wise decision of the marketing, but the products fail due to the errors of RD departments (Ye, 2009). In this case, there is less active participation of RD in cross-functional collaboration or information sharing if RD’s effort is not paid much attention. The common app. raisal system based on the individual performance is a barrier to the effective collaboration between the departments because the individual performance has nothing to do with the cross-functional cooperation, the goals of individual performance may differ much from the goals of the project teams, and difference may cause much conflict. In the contrast, a united reward system ill benefit the cooperation, because the both parties will be rewarded when a new product is sold successfully (Ye, 2009). †¢ Restructuring The departments can be reconstructed to work more efficiently. Wind (2005) examines opp. ortunities for how marketing insights across the organization can drive growth and innovation, making technology and marketing to create convergence, and rethinking the customer experience and relationship. He thinks that organizations may create linking processes or engage in creative reconstructuring of the entire organization through interdisciplinary app. oaches, such as integrative processes. He concludes that creating the common foundation of disciplinary tools and insights can help cultivate a market perspective across the organization and develop more creative solutions to business challenges. Lu and Yu (2009) argue that under most circumstances the balanced organizational structure will be adopted for a marketing project team in the enterprises. Project team is a kind of matrix organizational structure (Ye, 2009). It functions better for horizontal communication than the traditional pyramid structure. Therefore it is a good choice for NPD project structure. When the project team leader and the functional manager have repeated authority on a task, the innovation behavior is usually positively affected. Gong and Tang (2004) analyzed the effectiveness of five kinds of integration mechanisms (location arrangement, work changeover, informal social system, reward and encouragement and formal integration system) between the RD and marketing under different combination of demand dynamics, competitive dynamics and technological dynamics. It is suggested that work changeover, informal social system, reward and encouragement can be used to increase the integration between marketing and RD when there is low technological dynamics, demand dynamics and high competitive dynamics. †¢ Location arrangement The long distance separation of two departments hinders the communication between them. The geographical factor may let the people have different perspectives or technical terms, hence encourage the short-sighted behavior benefiting only their own. Therefore location rearrangement to closer distance helps the departments to communicate better. †¢ Work changeover Liu (2010) says work changeover among the departments and communication culture development can help to improve the internal communication. Robert and Qreiny (2004, cited by Ye, 2009) state the project team members are not willing to accept the information from the other departments when the members do not trust each other very much because they share the technical terms with and have trust on the people in their own departments long term (Ye, 2009). So the employees will know much about the work in other departments, win more respect and trust and can communicate better in a project team if they are trained two or three years in the work positions in other departments. 2. 3. 3 Building Interpersonal Trust In a NPD project, every department is assigned different tasks. The requirements for lead time, operation methods and resource distribution are different for different departments; therefore the goals of the departments are different. The departments may have much conflict or rivalry if the goals vary very much. However the collaboration can be more effective when the people from different departments have good personal relationship. The social psychological factor of interpersonal trust is likely to be important in determining relationship effectiveness. Some researchers make perceived relationship effectiveness research based on two variables (power of the marketing department, and stake holding) and four endogenous variables (total interdependence, influence strategies, interpersonal trust, and manifest influence). The research focuses on a specific project carried out by a cross-functional team composed of at least one person each from sales and marketing, along with people from other departments. It seems reasonable to expect the sales manager to think that his/her relationship with the marketing manager is effective due to the need to build collaboration in cross-functional teams (Conrad 1990, cited by Hutt, 2001). The findings of Smith and Barclay (1997, cited by Hutt, 2001) generally supp. rt the proposition that greater trust is associated with greater perceived â€Å"task performance†, similar to relationship effectiveness (Hutt, 2001). 2. 4 Collaborative Capabilities of Marketing Managers The personal capabilities or skills of a marketing manager to achieve cross-functional collaborative is discussed. Some capabilities are strongly related to the personalities of the managers. The study helps the managers to develop themselves to be better collaborators. 2. 4. Reputational Effect iveness Factors Tsui (1990, 1994, cited by Hutt, 2001) researches on reputational effectiveness of managers and subunits, based on role theory, organizational members occupy a position which encompasses a set of roles as specified by role senders. Each category of role senders (e. g. each functional area) might be considered a constituency with whom the focal manager has some level of interdependence due to work flow, authority, or resource exchange relationship. And he suggests that the effective manager actively interacts with diverse constituencies; attempts to influence their expectations; or if necessary, persuades them to accept the manager’s preferred goals, standards, or actions. The perspective closely aligned with Anderson’s (1982, cited by Hutt, 2001) depiction of marketing’s role with the firm. Tsui (1994, cited by Hutt, 2001) categorized the factors which may facilitate or constrain the responsive behavior and the attainment of reputational effectiveness in the below table.   Structural Factors |Social Factors |Individual Factors | |Constituency background |Group norms |Conscientiousness | |Reward system |Social information |Self-monitoring | |Measurement system |Social categorization |Self-efficacy | |Type of goals |Trust and reputation |Adaptive self-regulation | |Distribution of power | |Collectivism | Table 2. 1 Reputational Effectiveness Factors †¢ Structural Factors The marketing managers face a lot of role incompatibility because the managers with whom they often interact have varied background. Their reputational effectiveness can be achieved easier when the structural conditions increases the similarity of the constituency perspectives. The managers’ responsive behavior can be encouraged by the rewards based on the organizational goals. The group goals make the managers have increased consensus on expectations and perceived interdependence, therefore facilitate responsive behavior (Hutt, 2001). †¢ Social Factors The social factors such as a prevailing norm in a functional unit affect the responsive behavior and the reputational effectiveness of the managers. The individual factors such as personality, ability and motivational factors influence the responsive behavior and the reputational effectiveness of the managers, too. Tsui (1994, cited by Hutt, 2001) asserts that high self-monitoring managers actively tune into cues regarding constituents’ expectations and adjust their behavior to meet constituent demands. †¢ Individual Factors Hutt (2001) concludes that the reputational effectiveness of the marketing managers relies on their ability to respond to the needs and demands of members of the internal exchange network, which the managers must initiate and nurture with multiple groups within the firm. Butaney (2007) lists the attributes that the marketing managers need to have in order to get the relational competence. Relational competence is defined by Carpenter (1993) as â€Å"attributes of the individual which serve interpersonal goals and promote positive relationship† . It includes initiation and enhancement. Initiation’s specific attributes include assertiveness, dominance, instrumental competence, shyness and social anxiety, while enhancement’s ones include intimacy, trust, interpersonal sensitivity, altruism and perspective taking, e. g. , openness, transcending boundaries, flexibility, and responsiveness. 2. 4. 2 Marketing Manager’s Collaborative Skills Marketing managers’ personal capability is very important for having good CRF. Gabarro (1979, cited by Hutt and Thomas, 2010) asserts that the development of a working relationship involves the development of an interpersonal contract—â€Å"an unwritten but living document that evolves over time as two people work together, learn about each other, and implicitly or explicitly test the limits of what each wants from the relationship and is willing or able to give to it †. Central to the contract is a set of mutual expectations concerning performance, roles, trust, and influence. Nowadays the customers demand relatively more complex products and service arrangement. The managerial work which Butaney (2007) explains as the functions a manager performs simultaneously at three levels is managing information (communicating and controlling), managing people (leading and linking) and managing tasks/actions. The marketing manager needs to achieve collaboration among various constituents of the firm, so that the firm can succeed in the market because of the collaborative advantage achieved. The personalities with benefits the collaboration is summarized by some researchers. Butaney (2007) emphasizes the attributes/skills of the managers necessary for developing collaborative capability, such as role-taking ability, including volunteering and taking initiative and leading, ability to communicate effectively and efficiently, understand and app. reciate the cognitive and emotional perspectives of diverse constituents, ability to build relationship networks among customers, functional experts within the firm, and key industry personnel, relational competencies (e. g. , openness, transcending boundaries, flexibility, and responsiveness), an awareness of and an ability to implement app. ropriate conflict management and influence strategies. In all, these abilities of relational competence of the marketing managers are very important. In conclusion, the collaboration between the marketing and RD and other departments can be strengthened when the information exchange process is more convenient, the employees in different departments have more mutual understanding and the achievement of the collaboration is stressed and rewarded. On the other hand, marketing manager’s personal communication ability is very important for the effective collaboration with other departments. In this chapter, the three questions raised at the beginning are answered from the literature review. The cross-functional interaction in NPD is regarded as an information process, as the information on customer need, technical possibility data and competitors is shared and selected (covered in 2. 2). The common goal of the company benefits the collaboration. The departments have interdependent resources and the information providers have better influence power over the information receiver. The collaboration is more effective when the information transmission between the departments is smooth, the departments pursue common goals and are organized tightly. The cross-functional collaboration can be made better through social and structural means (covered in 2. 3). A mutual understanding of the goals of other department is a prerequisite of cross-functional integration. It is good to have periodical communication plan between the departments for a common project. Some structural integration measures such as shared revenue and united reward system, location arrangement, work changeover, can be used. In next chapter a case study is made on Chang Xin Asset Management Company. How the principles reviewed are app. lied in the company and what consequences have been made will be discussed. 3 Research Methodology In this chapter, the research method of this dissertation, including case study, data collection and data analysis, is introduced. The reasons why those methods and case were chosen is explained. Finally, the limitation of every method is discussed. 3. 1 Case Study A case study is expected to discover the particularity and complexity of a single case, in order to comprehend its activity within a specific circumstance (Stake, 1999). Case study is app. opriate when investigators need (a) to define research topics broadly and not narrowly, (b) to cover contextual or complex multivariate conditions and not just isolated variables, and (c) to rely on multiple and not singular sources of evidence. Case study is decided to be used in this study because the CFR is such a broad topic that it is difficult to make the research in general. Case study can narrow the scope of research. Moreover, this method can make clear the abstract concept with specific case. In addition, the analysis is conductive on the case itself and its r Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd Essay Example Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd Essay Marketing Cross-functional Relationship during NPD and collaborative capability for marketing managers Abstract In the era of hi-tech and rapid information development, the success of the enterprises mainly depends on the continuous NPD. It is discovered by a lot of research that the collaboration between the marketing and other departments is critical to the success of new products. The marketing can have better promotion performance through effective collaboration with RD and other departments. Adopting deep interview for a special case, this study elaborates the cross-functional relationship (CFR) management based on research findings and related theories. The study suggests the structural, social and individual ways to improve the interdepartmental collaboration. The main research conclusions are as follows. a. Chang Xin Company pays much attention to teamwork and cooperation between marketing and other departments in the whole process of NPD. In the project discussion phase, the departments carry on the project planning and market survey together. The marketing deals with the inquiries at promotion and the after-sale service with the help of RD, Investment Management and other departments. b. The relationship between marketing and other departments can be build through sharing resources, work turnover, mutual understanding and common goals. Chang Xin still has something to do to build information communication platform such as network system, information transmission and tracking system in order to get high efficiency of information exchange. c. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cross-Functional Relationship During Npd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition to building the enterprise culture to value cross-functional communication, the company had better set up mutual promotion and reward system to give impact on the career development views of the managers. At the same time, the responsibilities of each department should be clearly specified. Contents 1 Introduction7 1. 1 Objective7 1. 2 Review of Chapters8 1. 3 Limitation of Study8 2 Literature Review10 2. 1 Definition10 2. 2 Cross-functional relationship in NPD11 2. 3 How to Achieve Cross-functional Collaboration13 2. 3. 1 Information communication13 . 3. 2 Integrating management structure15 2. 3. 3 Building Interpersonal Trust17 2. 4 Collaborative Capabilities of Marketing Managers18 2. 4. 1 Reputational Effectiveness Factors18 2. 4. 2 Marketing Manager’s Collaborative Skills20 3 Research Methodology22 3. 1 Case Study22 3. 2 Data Collection23 3. 3 Data Analysis24 4 Case Analysis: Chang Xin Asset Management26 4. 1 Company Background26 4. 2 Status of Cross-functiona l Collaboration in NPD26 4. 3. 1 Social Methods29 4. 3. 2 Structural Methods29 4. 3. 3 Integration of information/resource31 4. Collaborative Capability of Marketing Manager32 4. 5 Results34 5 Conclusion35 6 References36 7 Reflective Report39 1 Introduction 1. 1 Objective Deploying activities for total quality control and cost reduction to achieve good business performance are the main issues for a firm. In the process of new product development (NPD), the new products are often unstable quality and there are varying problems need to be fixed. The problems could be better solved by improving communication and information-sharing between different departments and their managers. Therefore, the interdepartmental collaboration is needed. Souder and Chakrabarti (1978, cited by Ye Youming, 2009) found out that 68% RD projects will fail in business performance completely and 21% will fail partially when there is serious management problems between the marketing and RD. This study will focus on the collaboration between the marketing department and other departments, especially in the NPD phase and find out the way to achieve the most effective cross-functional relationship (CFR). The main objectives are to explore important features of cross-functional working relationship during NPD and to gain further knowledge on the relative importance of collaborative capability for marketing managers. The questions raised on the topic are as below. How can marketing develop good collaborative relationship with other departments in the firm? How can the cross-functional collaboration be effective in NPD process? How can marketing managers develop skills to be successful in establishing multiple collaborative relationships? According to these questions, the discussion involves four parts: First, the features of CFR in the process of NPD. Second, the principles and critical factors for cross-functional collaboration. Third, the collaborate capabilities of marketing managers. Finally, the cross-functional collaboration in Chang Xin Asset Management Company, especially between Marketing Department and Investment Management Department in new mutual fund development process. 1. 2 Review of Chapters The dissertation is divided into five parts. In the introduction part, the background of CFR and its effect is introduced. The objectives and purpose of the study are listed. In the literature review part, the research results of CFR and managing methods in NPD are reviewed, some problems of the research are pointed out and the main topic of this study is raised. The research methods are introduced in the research methodology part. The research methods, investigation methods and interview design are examined. Part four is the case study on Chang Xin Asset Management Company. The investigation material and literature knowledge are combined to analyze the effectiveness of the cross-function relationship management. Later the role of marketing manager in the collaboration within the firm is discussed. In the last part, conclusion is drawn on how to have effective cross-functional collaboration within firms, especially in NPD process. 1. 3 Limitation of Study There are some limitations of the study. First, the research result on this area which the author can find is very limited, therefore the secondary data for this subject is limited. Second, the primary data from Chang Xin is limited. It is impossible to have questionnaire survey because the employee numbers in the company are not many, so the sample quantity can not meet the requirement of a general questionnaire survey. In addition, the managers may be too busy with their work and are not interested in doing the survey or having interviews with a university student. The managers interviewed are very limited. At last, only the marketing manager is interviewed because of time limit. The answers to the questions in the interview are too simple. Therefore the discussion is based on general description but not detailed situations from the beginning to the end or first-hand experimental data for better understanding. 2 Literature Review In literature terms ‘CFR’ and ‘collaboration’ or ‘reputational effectiveness’ have received different explanations, therefore it seems necessary to introduce some definitions. 2. 1 Definition Cross-functional Relationship Cross-functional relationship can be broadly defined as the set of communication patterns, knowledge exchanges, organizational mechanisms and formal and informal personal relationship which characterize the interface mong different departments in the firm, such as marketing, finance, RD, operations and so forth (Hutt, 2001). Collaboration Collaboration could be explained from two aspects: coordination and cooperation. The coordination is defined as harmonizing action for the various activities within a firm to achieve a desired level of e ffectiveness and efficiency. During the process of coordination, exchanges and interactions take place between functions in the firm, so the comprehensiveness, accessibility and compatibility among functions are maximized (Krajewski and Ritzman, 2004; Pinto et al. 1993, cited by Carr, Kaynak and Muthusamy, 2008). Cooperation is defined as the act of the functional areas working together within a firm to achieve the firm’s goals. Coordination capability is the combined action of coordination and cooperation (Carr, et al, 2008). Cross-functional barriers Cross-functional barriers create the threat to the established functional identities of the organizational members, which are divided into three categories of turf barriers, interpretive barriers and communication barriers (Hutt, 2001). As turf territory presents an area of expertise or authority, the functional groups have a strong desire to defend against the loss of power due to other organizational units. Major barriers to effective collaboration exist because each functional group focuses on a different facet of a problem and makes different senses of the total. This kind of thought world difference barrier is called interpretive barrier. In addition, the coding method for abbreviating goods descriptions within an organization can be misinterpreted by the members who are not familiar with it, therefore the information from the source may be distorted. This situation is called a communication barrier. Reputational effectiveness Reputational effectiveness means the degree to which the manager has been responsive to the needs, demands and reputations of the constituencies of the firm, including functional areas within the firm and customer organizations, upstream and down stream value chain partners, and other business and strategic alliance partners (Butaney, 2007). It actually is largely a measure of the degree of responsiveness of manager (Hutt, 2001). 2. 2 Cross-functional relationship in NPD The main research on the CFR between marketing and RD and other departments is about the coordination methods, especially on the information communication process, the barriers, intention and encouragement and the effective influence of strategies, organizational structure and information technology. †¢ Information process perspective Wu and Chen (2009) state that the improper communication between the departments can be caused by the improper organizational structure or poor atmosphere within the company. In some research, the interaction between marketing and RD during NPD is regarded as a process to turn the market opp. rtunity and technical possibility data into the information asset for commercial production. It is discovered that the success of NPD depends on the information share on customer demand, market segmentation, enterprise capability and competitor strategy information among various departments. Much of the research has shown that successful product development co mes when a clear understanding of customer needs is integrated with a clear understanding of RD and production resources (Krohmer, Homburg and Workman, 2002). And some more specific studies looked at the extent of the interaction and participation of various groups in the product development process. They have tended to tell that more interaction between the groups tends to lead to more success. It is proofed that other functional groups have influence on the marketing activities. Krohmer, Homburg and Workman (2002) measured the extent of influence of five functional groups over key marketing issues with a cross-national survey and related their cross-functional measure to key marketing outcomes. Two sets of hypotheses were tested using three-dimensional conceptualization of performance effectiveness, efficiency, and adaptiveness. As a result, they found that there was a high cross-functional dispersion of influence on marketing with certain activities such as pricing and new product development (NPD). In contrast, the cross-functional dispersion of influence with certain activities such as advertising is low. Research also tells that the common goal of the company benefits the cooperation between the departments. In a ase study, Hutt, Berth and Gary (1995) investigated the cross-functional barriers to the strategic change in Techno project. The turf war between the Marketing and RD was eased with political and administrative levers at the early stages. Later Techno’s goals were clarified and the strategy map was identified by both departments, and learning eventually spread through the organization. The project ended with success of collaboration at last. †¢ Reso urce interdependent perspective It is believed the resources within the departments are not easy to imitate, attain or replace. Therefore the scholars think marketing and RD need to depend on each other to get the necessary resources when they do not have sufficient resources to finish the NPD projects. †¢ Social system perspective This perspective focuses on the continuous fighting social process since the different functions have continuous conflicts for their benefits or rights. It emphasizes on the influence power, which means the influence of the information provider on the behavior and attitude change of the information receiver. It is thought the individual factors of professional ability, reward on the position have positive effect on the influence power. It is recognized that the degree of competition across the functions is a key factor that can impede knowledge transfer within an organization. Research further shows that an arduous relationship between the resource and the recipient, or intergroup rivalry can impede internal knowledge transfer. The cross-functional interaction can be viewed either from a cooperative aspect, focusing on the cooperation and communication or from a competition aspect, focusing on interdepartmental rivalry (Luo, Slotegrafft and Pan, 2006). 2. 3 How to Achieve Cross-functional Collaboration The researchers discovered some measures which can be taken in the social, structural and individual ways. 2. 3. 1 Information communication †¢ Mutual understanding between departments As Galbreath (1998, cited by Ryals, 2001) mentioned, customer relationship management (CRM) integrates marketing, sales and service functions through business process automation, technology solutions and information resources to maximize each customer contact, however Hall (1997, cited by Ryals, 2001) found that, even where organizations have technological integration, performance integration does not always follow. Furthermore, Hall (1997) notes that an understanding of the perspective from both marketing and CRM disciplines is a prerequisite of cross-functional integration. †¢ More effective information communication in project teams Management is communication (Baker, 2003, pp. 275). It is very necessary to have effective information communication management in order to improve the quality of the interdepartmental communication. There are some measures to make the communication flow between marketing and RD in order under the common company goals (Ye, 2009). . At the beginning of the NPD process, start the communication on project choice, target market, grasp of development opp. ortunities and project goal as soon as possible. b. In the middle of the development, communicate the marketing demand and technology information in routine visit and meetings between the departments. c. Build a project team, make clear the responsibilities of the departments, coordinate the management and make d ecision to solve the problems that the departments face commonly. Zhang (2009) thinks the internal communication effect can be improved when different information technology is adopted properly, and the internal communication can be used as a performance interference measure. She suggests to have special employees in charge of internal communication, who are both the compilers of the communication information and the administrator of the information system. †¢ Informal social communication The role of formal and informal interpersonal communication on three key NPD outcome variables-NPD success, perceived relationship effectiveness, and interpersonal collaboration were examined by some researchers. The results show that both formal and informal communication has a positive effect on NPD success and on Marketing Manager/RD Manager working relationship. It is found that the informal communication has a much greater effect on collaboration than formal communication during NPD process. When collaborative behavior occurs amongst managers, there is a tendency to view the relationship as productive, and to view the other managers in a favorable way (Kahn, 1996; Jassawalla and Sashittal 1998; Kahn and Mentzer 1998, cited by Elias and Graham, 2005). 2. 3. 2 Integrating management structure †¢ Shared revenue targets and united reward systems When the two departments have higher domain similarities, they are more likely to cooperate. Kotler, Rackham, and Krishnaswamy (2006) defined the role of marketing in â€Å"the Buying Funnel† based on the customer’s decision sequence. Marketing is usually responsible for the first few steps—building brand awareness and brand preference, creating a marketing plan, and generating leads for sales. Then Sales executes the marketing plan and follows up on leads. They think the funnels of this kind -integrated into the CRM system and into sales forecasting and account-review processes form an increasingly important backbone for sales management. So marketing and sales can be integrated better with shared revenue targets and reward systems and integrated metrics. But the performance app. raisal systems for marketing and RD are often separated. The performance of marketing is usually measured by market share and customer satisfaction, while that of RD is done by the patent numbers and how advanced the technology of the new products is. Research discovers that it is common in the enterprises that people think the new products are successful due to the wise decision of the marketing, but the products fail due to the errors of RD departments (Ye, 2009). In this case, there is less active participation of RD in cross-functional collaboration or information sharing if RD’s effort is not paid much attention. The common app. raisal system based on the individual performance is a barrier to the effective collaboration between the departments because the individual performance has nothing to do with the cross-functional cooperation, the goals of individual performance may differ much from the goals of the project teams, and difference may cause much conflict. In the contrast, a united reward system ill benefit the cooperation, because the both parties will be rewarded when a new product is sold successfully (Ye, 2009). †¢ Restructuring The departments can be reconstructed to work more efficiently. Wind (2005) examines opp. ortunities for how marketing insights across the organization can drive growth and innovation, making technology and marketing to create convergence, and rethinking the customer experience and relationship. He thinks that organizations may create linking processes or engage in creative reconstructuring of the entire organization through interdisciplinary app. oaches, such as integrative processes. He concludes that creating the common foundation of disciplinary tools and insights can help cultivate a market perspective across the organization and develop more creative solutions to business challenges. Lu and Yu (2009) argue that under most circumstances the balanced organizational structure will be adopted for a marketing project team in the enterprises. Project team is a kind of matrix organizational structure (Ye, 2009). It functions better for horizontal communication than the traditional pyramid structure. Therefore it is a good choice for NPD project structure. When the project team leader and the functional manager have repeated authority on a task, the innovation behavior is usually positively affected. Gong and Tang (2004) analyzed the effectiveness of five kinds of integration mechanisms (location arrangement, work changeover, informal social system, reward and encouragement and formal integration system) between the RD and marketing under different combination of demand dynamics, competitive dynamics and technological dynamics. It is suggested that work changeover, informal social system, reward and encouragement can be used to increase the integration between marketing and RD when there is low technological dynamics, demand dynamics and high competitive dynamics. †¢ Location arrangement The long distance separation of two departments hinders the communication between them. The geographical factor may let the people have different perspectives or technical terms, hence encourage the short-sighted behavior benefiting only their own. Therefore location rearrangement to closer distance helps the departments to communicate better. †¢ Work changeover Liu (2010) says work changeover among the departments and communication culture development can help to improve the internal communication. Robert and Qreiny (2004, cited by Ye, 2009) state the project team members are not willing to accept the information from the other departments when the members do not trust each other very much because they share the technical terms with and have trust on the people in their own departments long term (Ye, 2009). So the employees will know much about the work in other departments, win more respect and trust and can communicate better in a project team if they are trained two or three years in the work positions in other departments. 2. 3. 3 Building Interpersonal Trust In a NPD project, every department is assigned different tasks. The requirements for lead time, operation methods and resource distribution are different for different departments; therefore the goals of the departments are different. The departments may have much conflict or rivalry if the goals vary very much. However the collaboration can be more effective when the people from different departments have good personal relationship. The social psychological factor of interpersonal trust is likely to be important in determining relationship effectiveness. Some researchers make perceived relationship effectiveness research based on two variables (power of the marketing department, and stake holding) and four endogenous variables (total interdependence, influence strategies, interpersonal trust, and manifest influence). The research focuses on a specific project carried out by a cross-functional team composed of at least one person each from sales and marketing, along with people from other departments. It seems reasonable to expect the sales manager to think that his/her relationship with the marketing manager is effective due to the need to build collaboration in cross-functional teams (Conrad 1990, cited by Hutt, 2001). The findings of Smith and Barclay (1997, cited by Hutt, 2001) generally supp. rt the proposition that greater trust is associated with greater perceived â€Å"task performance†, similar to relationship effectiveness (Hutt, 2001). 2. 4 Collaborative Capabilities of Marketing Managers The personal capabilities or skills of a marketing manager to achieve cross-functional collaborative is discussed. Some capabilities are strongly related to the personalities of the managers. The study helps the managers to develop themselves to be better collaborators. 2. 4. Reputational Effect iveness Factors Tsui (1990, 1994, cited by Hutt, 2001) researches on reputational effectiveness of managers and subunits, based on role theory, organizational members occupy a position which encompasses a set of roles as specified by role senders. Each category of role senders (e. g. each functional area) might be considered a constituency with whom the focal manager has some level of interdependence due to work flow, authority, or resource exchange relationship. And he suggests that the effective manager actively interacts with diverse constituencies; attempts to influence their expectations; or if necessary, persuades them to accept the manager’s preferred goals, standards, or actions. The perspective closely aligned with Anderson’s (1982, cited by Hutt, 2001) depiction of marketing’s role with the firm. Tsui (1994, cited by Hutt, 2001) categorized the factors which may facilitate or constrain the responsive behavior and the attainment of reputational effectiveness in the below table.   Structural Factors |Social Factors |Individual Factors | |Constituency background |Group norms |Conscientiousness | |Reward system |Social information |Self-monitoring | |Measurement system |Social categorization |Self-efficacy | |Type of goals |Trust and reputation |Adaptive self-regulation | |Distribution of power | |Collectivism | Table 2. 1 Reputational Effectiveness Factors †¢ Structural Factors The marketing managers face a lot of role incompatibility because the managers with whom they often interact have varied background. Their reputational effectiveness can be achieved easier when the structural conditions increases the similarity of the constituency perspectives. The managers’ responsive behavior can be encouraged by the rewards based on the organizational goals. The group goals make the managers have increased consensus on expectations and perceived interdependence, therefore facilitate responsive behavior (Hutt, 2001). †¢ Social Factors The social factors such as a prevailing norm in a functional unit affect the responsive behavior and the reputational effectiveness of the managers. The individual factors such as personality, ability and motivational factors influence the responsive behavior and the reputational effectiveness of the managers, too. Tsui (1994, cited by Hutt, 2001) asserts that high self-monitoring managers actively tune into cues regarding constituents’ expectations and adjust their behavior to meet constituent demands. †¢ Individual Factors Hutt (2001) concludes that the reputational effectiveness of the marketing managers relies on their ability to respond to the needs and demands of members of the internal exchange network, which the managers must initiate and nurture with multiple groups within the firm. Butaney (2007) lists the attributes that the marketing managers need to have in order to get the relational competence. Relational competence is defined by Carpenter (1993) as â€Å"attributes of the individual which serve interpersonal goals and promote positive relationship† . It includes initiation and enhancement. Initiation’s specific attributes include assertiveness, dominance, instrumental competence, shyness and social anxiety, while enhancement’s ones include intimacy, trust, interpersonal sensitivity, altruism and perspective taking, e. g. , openness, transcending boundaries, flexibility, and responsiveness. 2. 4. 2 Marketing Manager’s Collaborative Skills Marketing managers’ personal capability is very important for having good CRF. Gabarro (1979, cited by Hutt and Thomas, 2010) asserts that the development of a working relationship involves the development of an interpersonal contract—â€Å"an unwritten but living document that evolves over time as two people work together, learn about each other, and implicitly or explicitly test the limits of what each wants from the relationship and is willing or able to give to it †. Central to the contract is a set of mutual expectations concerning performance, roles, trust, and influence. Nowadays the customers demand relatively more complex products and service arrangement. The managerial work which Butaney (2007) explains as the functions a manager performs simultaneously at three levels is managing information (communicating and controlling), managing people (leading and linking) and managing tasks/actions. The marketing manager needs to achieve collaboration among various constituents of the firm, so that the firm can succeed in the market because of the collaborative advantage achieved. The personalities with benefits the collaboration is summarized by some researchers. Butaney (2007) emphasizes the attributes/skills of the managers necessary for developing collaborative capability, such as role-taking ability, including volunteering and taking initiative and leading, ability to communicate effectively and efficiently, understand and app. reciate the cognitive and emotional perspectives of diverse constituents, ability to build relationship networks among customers, functional experts within the firm, and key industry personnel, relational competencies (e. g. , openness, transcending boundaries, flexibility, and responsiveness), an awareness of and an ability to implement app. ropriate conflict management and influence strategies. In all, these abilities of relational competence of the marketing managers are very important. In conclusion, the collaboration between the marketing and RD and other departments can be strengthened when the information exchange process is more convenient, the employees in different departments have more mutual understanding and the achievement of the collaboration is stressed and rewarded. On the other hand, marketing manager’s personal communication ability is very important for the effective collaboration with other departments. In this chapter, the three questions raised at the beginning are answered from the literature review. The cross-functional interaction in NPD is regarded as an information process, as the information on customer need, technical possibility data and competitors is shared and selected (covered in 2. 2). The common goal of the company benefits the collaboration. The departments have interdependent resources and the information providers have better influence power over the information receiver. The collaboration is more effective when the information transmission between the departments is smooth, the departments pursue common goals and are organized tightly. The cross-functional collaboration can be made better through social and structural means (covered in 2. 3). A mutual understanding of the goals of other department is a prerequisite of cross-functional integration. It is good to have periodical communication plan between the departments for a common project. Some structural integration measures such as shared revenue and united reward system, location arrangement, work changeover, can be used. In next chapter a case study is made on Chang Xin Asset Management Company. How the principles reviewed are app. lied in the company and what consequences have been made will be discussed. 3 Research Methodology In this chapter, the research method of this dissertation, including case study, data collection and data analysis, is introduced. The reasons why those methods and case were chosen is explained. Finally, the limitation of every method is discussed. 3. 1 Case Study A case study is expected to discover the particularity and complexity of a single case, in order to comprehend its activity within a specific circumstance (Stake, 1999). Case study is app. opriate when investigators need (a) to define research topics broadly and not narrowly, (b) to cover contextual or complex multivariate conditions and not just isolated variables, and (c) to rely on multiple and not singular sources of evidence. Case study is decided to be used in this study because the CFR is such a broad topic that it is difficult to make the research in general. Case study can narrow the scope of research. Moreover, this method can make clear the abstract concept with specific case. In addition, the analysis is conductive on the case itself and its r